Space exploration is the investigation, by both crewed and uncrewed spacecraft, of the reaches of the Universe beyond Earth’s atmosphere to obtain information that will increase knowledge of the cosmos and benefit mankind. This includes both the study of the surfaces and environments of other planets and moons as well as the characterization of spacecraft and space stations in orbit and the return of samples from space missions to Earth.
Human spaceflight has been a driving force in space exploration since the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957. The Space Race that followed – a belligerent rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union for global supremacy – resulted in a host of advancements in space technology. Scientists figured out how to send satellites into orbit, how to build multi-stage rockets that could carry humans and cargo into space, and how to land on the Moon. The hole in the ozone layer was discovered thanks to the efforts of satellites, and archeological sites and geological formations have been uncovered by probes and robotic rovers.
The direct benefits of national space programs – such as improved medicine, materials development, and electronics miniaturization – are well known and are the primary justification for governments to fund space activities. Less visible but equally important benefits include the motivation that entices young people to careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). Space exploration is one of humanity’s great ambitions.
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